Which term describes the timing and effects of changes within individual and social ecology?

The term that describes the timing and effects of changes within individual and social ecology is the chronosystem. This concept, part of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, emphasizes the importance of time in understanding how various environmental and individual changes can influence development. It accounts for the transitions and shifts that occur over a person's lifespan, such as significant life events, changes in social circumstances, or historical events that can affect an individual's experiences and development.

In contrast, the microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which a person interacts, such as family, school, and peers. The mesosystem includes the interconnections between the various microsystems, like the relationship between a child’s home and school environments. The macrosystem, on the other hand, refers to the broader societal and cultural influences that shape an individual's development, including overarching values, customs, and laws. Each of these systems plays a role in the individual's development, but the chronosystem specifically focuses on how these interactions and changes unfold over time.